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Sleep is a need that must be met by every person in order to maintain optimal body health. Sleep disturbances occur at all stages of the disease as do mood swings (e.g., depressive, manic, or mixed episodes). Sleep disorders can manifest differently at various stages of the disease, one example is in people with bipolar disorder. Sleep disorders are highly prevalent in patients suffering from bipolar disorder and have a detrimental impact on disease course, quality of life, functioning, symptoms, and treatment outcomes.
Bipolar disorder is one of the serious mental disorders and can attack a person, its disabling nature is called mania-depression. During mania or hypomania, sleep disturbances are generally presented as a reduced need for sleep, whereas in the depressive phase the quality of sleep is disturbed, it is difficult to start sleeping and often wakes up at night (Wardani & Tiastiningsih, 2023). Bipolar is a condition where feelings or moods change from mania (elevated) to depression (Triswidiastuty & Rusdi, 2019). Mood is a prolonged emotional state that affects a person’s entire personality and life functions. The phenomenon of bipolar disorder is a serious mental health problem in society, because this disorder can reduce the sufferer’s quality of life and can increase the risk of death.
The annual incidence of bipolar disorder in the population is estimated to be between 10-15 per 100,000 among humans. This figure is higher among women and can even reach 30 per 100,000. This condition can affect people of almost any age, from children to the elderly. Similar prevalence occurs in men and women (Ketter, 2010). People with bipolar disorder experience mood swings that change significantly. There are two phases experienced by people with bipolar disorder, namely the mania phase with excessive feelings of joy, and the depression phase with excessive feelings of sadness, which can even be more fatal, causing suicidal thoughts (Budiarti et al., 2018). Therefore, intervention is needed to regulate mood changes in people with bipolar disorder.
In human life, generally it cannot be separated from the mood experienced every day, whether it is a good mood (high mood) or a bad mood (low mood). This condition is normal, but will be different from the conditions experienced by people with bipolar disorder (Budiarti at al., 2018). Bipolar is a combination of two words, namely bi and polar. Bi means two and polar means pole, so bipolar is a feeling disorder with two opposing poles. The two poles in question are depression and mania (Panggabean & Rona, 2015).
Sleep disturbances occur at all stages of the disease as well as changing mood episodes (e.g., depressive, manic, or mixed episodes). During mania or hypomania, sleep disturbances are generally presented as a reduced need for sleep, whereas in the depressive phase the quality of sleep is disturbed, it is difficult to get to sleep and often wakes up at night. This is in line with the research of Wardani & Tiastiningsih (2023) who found that 69% -99% of bipolar sufferers reported a reduced need for sleep during manic episodes or difficulty falling or staying asleep. Factors influencing sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder, biological markers of sleep disturbance across bipolar episodes, and the role of sleep disturbance in recurrent bipolar episodes.
People with bipolar disorder will find two manic and depressive phases in their lives. Symptoms of manic episodes of bipolar disorder include feelings of sensitivity, lack of rest, increased self-esteem. Meanwhile, depressive episodes include loss of interest, sleeping more or less than normal, restlessness, feeling worthless and lack of concentration. This is in line with research conducted by Ramadhan and Syahruddin (2019) with one of the bipolar sufferers on April 29 2016, illustrating that mood disorders can occur at any time in this individual. Usually in one day the sufferer experiences one period of mania, and the next day experiences a depressive disorder. However, sufferers can also experience the two poles of bipolar disorder, namely depression and mania, on the same day. When experiencing depressive disorders, individuals will think about suicide and feel that they are very valuable.
The factors that cause bipolar are genetic factors and environmental factors. Genes inherited from parents and authoritarian parenting are the main factors in the formation of bipolar disorder. Several factors in bipolar disorder make treatment of this disorder complex, including fluctuations in mood episodes and their effect on the well-being of individuals with bipolar disorder (Hilthy, 1999).
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIH) states that bipolar disorder is a chronic or episodic mental illness, which means that the illness occurs occasionally at irregular intervals. The most common age of onset of bipolar disorder is 17-21 years so that bipolar disorder is often referred to as a highly disabling illness, in fact a study conducted by WHO identified bipolar disorder as the 6th leading cause of disability worldwide in the 15-44 year age group (www .who.com). Individuals with bipolar disorder have a weak circadian system, which contributes to their mood episodes and affects social rhythms associated with the onset of manic and depressive episodes. In a manic condition, there will be a reduced need for sleep, while in the depressive phase there will be disturbances in the quality of sleep. The large impact of sleep disturbances on bipolar disorder requires analysis of psychosocial, pharmacological and new technological strategies to improve sleep quality (Wardani & Tiatiningsih, 2023).
Sleep and rest are one of the basic needs for every individual. However, in reality many people ignore the importance of getting enough sleep. Because if someone experiences lack of sleep it will cause weakness, irritability and unstable emotions. This sleep disorder also occurs in people with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder can be caused by several causal factors, namely genetic, biological and environmental factors. Bipolar disorder sufferers who are in the midst of society need treatment so they can live comfortably and live together like ordinary people. Treatment cannot be separated from medical treatment and care, mental care and social support involving nurses, psychoatrists and social workers in one team who are involved and work together with the sufferer for their recovery.
Family support is really needed in this context, because the family can help continue the healing process for people with bipolar disorder. Guidance and counseling services are also needed in dealing with this case. As guidance and counseling teachers or counselors, we can provide guidance and listen to complaints from clients/counselees and provide individual and group guidance. In its implementation, we can present material related to social sciences and mental health sciences.
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2023-11-12 16:16:25
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