Stephen Hawking’s Theory About Black Holes Has Been Proven

The black hole area theorem, proposed by Hawking in 1971, described by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, states that it is impossible for a black hole’s surface area to decrease over time.
This rule is of interest to physicists because it is closely related to another rule that seems to regulate time to travel in a certain direction: the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy, or disorder, of a closed system must always increase, because the entropy of a black hole is proportional to its surface area, both should always increase.
According to the new study, the researchers’ confirmation of the area law seems to imply that the properties of black holes are important clues to the hidden laws that govern the universe.
Surprisingly, the area law seems to contradict another proven theorem of the famous physicist which states that black holes must evaporate over very long periods of time. Thus, finding out the source of the contradiction between the two theories can reveal a new theory of physics.
“The surface area of ​​a black hole cannot be reduced, as already stated in the second law of thermodynamics. The law also has conservation of mass, because you can’t reduce its mass, so it fits the conservation analogy. energy,” said astrophysicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Maximiliano. Contents, to the Live Science page last weekend.
“At first people were really amazed that they were all on par, but we soon realized that this was actually fundamental. Black holes have entropy, and that is proportional to their area. profound facts about the world, which they reveal.”
The surface area of ​​a black hole is determined by a spherical boundary known as the event horizon, where nothing, not even light, can escape its strong gravitational pull.
According to Hawking’s interpretation of general relativity, when the surface area of ​​a black hole increases with its mass, and since nothing thrown into it can escape, its surface area cannot decrease.
But the black hole’s surface area is also shrinking as it spins faster, so the researchers wondered if it was possible to throw objects into a spinning black hole to reduce its area.
“You will make it spin more, but not enough to compensate for the mass you just added. Whatever you do, mass and spin will give you a bigger area,” says Fill.

Radiation Wave Analysis
To test this theory, the researchers analyzed gravitational waves or ripples in the fabric of spacetime, created 1.3 billion years ago by two giant black holes as they rotated around each other at high speed.
This was the first wave ever detected in 2015 by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), a 1,864-mile (3,000-kilometer) long laser beam capable of detecting the slightest distortion in space-time by changing the length of its path. .
By dividing the signal into two halves, before and after the black holes merge, the researchers calculated the mass and spin of the original and newly merged black holes. These numbers, in turn, allowed them to calculate the surface area of ​​each black hole before and after the collision.
“As they spin around each other faster and faster, the gravitational waves increase in amplitude more and more until they eventually fall onto each other, creating a huge burst of these waves,” Isi said.
“All that’s left is this new black hole that’s in this excited state, which you can then study by analyzing how it vibrates. It’s like if you ring a bell, the specific pitch and duration of the sound will tell you the structure of the black hole. bells, and also what they are made of.” from what,” he added.
The surface area of ​​the newly created black hole is larger than the original two black holes combined, confirming Hawking’s law of area with more than 95 percent confidence. According to the researchers, their results were quite in line with what they expected. The general theory of relativity, from which the area law is derived, provides a very effective explanation for describing black holes and other large-scale objects.

Mysterious and Confusing
However, the real mystery begins when we try to integrate general relativity into the rules of large objects described in quantum mechanics. Strange events begin to occur, wreaking havoc on all the ground rules we understand and breaking the laws of the territory completely.
This is because black holes cannot shrink according to general relativity, but can according to quantum mechanics. Hawking, who initiated the general law of surfaces, also developed a concept known as Hawking radiation, in which a cloud of particles is emitted at the edge of a black hole through a strange quantum effect.
This phenomenon causes black holes to shrink and, eventually, over a period of time several times longer than the age of the universe, to evaporate.
This evaporation can occur over a long enough period of time not to violate a broad law in the short term, but it is a small enlightenment for physicists.
“Statistically, over a long period of time, the law was violated,” said Isi. “It’s like boiling water, you get steam evaporating from your pot, but if you limit yourself to just watching the water disappear in it, you might be tempted to say the entropy of the pot is decreasing. But if you take the steam into account. also, your overall entropy increases. The same is true for black holes and Hawking radiation.”
With the area law set for the short to medium term, the researchers’ next step is to analyze the data obtained from more gravitational waves for deeper insights that can be gained from black holes.
“I am obsessed with these objects because of how paradoxical they are. They are very mysterious and confusing, but at the same time we know them to be the simplest objects that have ever existed,” said Isis.
“This, as well as the fact that they are where gravity meets quantum mechanics, make them the perfect playground for our understanding of what reality is.” SB/livescience/I-1