Chicken Farming in Indonesia: Disease History, Causes, and Transmission

Judging from the number of existing chicken farms, chicken food factories, types of broiler chickens being traded, poultry shops and others, it can be said that the livestock sector, especially chicken, in Indonesia is currently showing rapid development and progress. This situation is in line with one of the national goals to be realized, namely the fulfillment of the animal protein needs of the Indonesian people. Therefore, the Government in this case pays a lot of attention and provides assistance, especially regarding nurseries, breeding improvements, provision of chicken food production facilities, medicines, disease management, counselling, granting of credit and others. From the poultry sector, it is expected to provide relatively faster results in the supply of animal protein compared to other animals. Therefore, various factors that affect the growth and running of chicken farms are very necessary and must be considered. One of the important ones is the problem of disease. This is none other than because disease is not just a threat to the chickens themselves, but can also cause huge economic losses and at the same time means loss of protein sources.

• DISEASE HISTORY

  Fowlpox is a disease that has spread almost all over the world. Other names used for this disease are Bird pox, Avian pox, Roup, Avian mo 1luscum, Fowl diphtheria, Contagious epithelioma, Geflu gel pocken, Variola aviaire, Viruela aviar, Bouba and so on. In Indonesia it is known as chickenpox or poultry diphtheria. Apart from those that can be attacked, turkeys, ducks, geese, canaries and pigeons as well as other wild birds, such as sparrows and so on. Among these types of animals, chickens are the most frequently attacked.

  Bollinger (1873) was the first to notice inclusion bodies in chickenpox. The coccoid components between the inclusion bodies, called elementary bodies, were discovered by Borrell in 1904, which was originally thought to be protozoa, bacteria or fungi.

  Other researchers, Marx and Sticker (1902) have proven that the cause of chickenpox is a virus, after its ability to penetrate the “ultra filter” was known. Carnwarth (1908) also stated that viruses are the cause of chickenpox, both for the skin form and the diphtheria form. Then in 1929, Woodruff and Goodpasture proved that elementary bodies were viral agents that caused chickenpox. They transmitted these elementary bodies into chicken feather follicles and turned out to cause characteristic lesions.

• CAUSES OF DISEASE

  In poultry smallpox, 4 strains were found, namely chickenpox, turkey smallpox, pigeon smallpox, and canary smallpox strains. The causes of chickenpox itself are classified as:
  Ordo : Viral
  Family : Borreliotaceae
  Genus : Borreliota
  Species : Borreliota avium

  The chickenpox virus is distinguished by its size, which ranges from 250 millimicrons to 354 millimicrons in diameter and is the largest among the smallpox virus groups. Elementary bodies of the chicken pox virus are called Borrell bodies and under ordinary microscope observations they look coccoid in shape, but with an electron microscope they look like dice. These borell bodies are often clustered and are found within smallpox lesions as inclusion bodies which are called Dollinger bodies. Bollinger bodies are located intracellularly and consist of approximately 6,000 to 20,000 Borrell bodies. This virus can pass through a coarse filter, for example Berkefeld V, but will fail to pass through a finer one.

• NATURE OF VIRUSES

  The chicken pox virus is not heat-resistant. Usually it dies on heating to 60 Celsius within 8 minutes or 56 Celsius for 30 minutes. To drought, this virus is very resistant, namely on dry crusts originating from epithelial lesions, its malignancy still persists. several months, At temperatures of 0 to 4 Celsius the virus can survive up to 2 years. In soil under normal conditions, the virus’ survival is only a few weeks.

  This virus — stored for a long time in 50% glycerin solution. While in a solution of 2 9/00 NaOH, 1/oo crystal violet, 70% alcohol, 2/00 Cresol, and 1/oo HgCl the virus will die within 10 minutes, Tinctura jodii 2% can also kill the virus within 10 minutes .

• SOURCES AND MODES OF TRANSMISSION

  Chickenpox outbreaks can be transmitted from a sick chicken to a healthy one through a scab that has dried up. The scab can contaminate the equipment in the cage, so that all objects that have been contaminated can act as a source of infection. In general, the transmission of chickenpox can be
  divided as follows: