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Mathematical analysis helps shed light on the puzzle of how information escapes black holes.
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Nationalgeographic.co.id—This study attempts to stop the debate about Stephen Hawking’s famous information paradox, a problem created by Hawking’s conclusion that any data that goes into black hole can never get out. This conclusion agrees with the laws of thermodynamics, but contradicts the basic law quantum mechanics.
“What we found from string theory is that all the mass of the black hole is not sucked into its center,” said Samir Mathur, lead author of the study and professor of physics at The Ohio State University. “The black hole tries to squeeze things into a single point, but then the particles stretch into these strings, and the strings start to stretch and expand and become a ball of fluff that expands to fill the entire black hole.”
New study published November 15, 2021 in Turkish Journal of Physics title Contrasting the fuzzball and wormhole paradigms for black holes, found that string theory almost certainly had an answer to Hawking’s paradox, as the paper’s authors originally believed. The physicists proved the theorem to show that the featherball theory remains the most likely solution to Hawking’s information paradox. Researchers have also published an essay showing how this work can solve a long-standing riddle in cosmology.
Mathur published a study in 2004 that theorized black holes are similar to very large and very messy balls of thread or “fur balls” that get bigger and messier as new objects are sucked in.
“The bigger the black hole, the more energy comes in, and the bigger the ball of feathers,” Mathur said. A 2004 study found that string theory, the physical theory that states that all particles in the universe are made of tiny, vibrating strings, could be a solution to Hawking’s paradox. With this featherball structure, the holes spread out like any normal object, and there are no puzzles.
Mark Garlick/ Science Photo Library
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As depicted in science fiction, a wormhole is a shortcut that connects two points in space-time. A RIKEN physicist and two of his collaborators have used a new spacetime geometry with a wormhole-like structure to show that information doesn’t always disappear from black holes as they evaporate.
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Related to the same discussion, a previous study conducted by RIKEN physicists published in Journal of High Energy Physics title Replica wormholes for an evaporating 2D black holehave found that wormholes can help shed light on the mystery of what happens to the information about the matter consumed by black holes.
Although, according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, anything that falls into a black hole cannot escape its grip. However, in the 1970s, Stephen Hawking discovered that isolated black holes would emit radiation but only if they were considered quantum mechanical. This means that general relativity and quantum mechanics as of today are inconsistent with each other. Therefore, scientists need to find a unified framework for quantum gravity. The RIKEN team is trying to find him.
They explored how black holes mimic wormholes, by providing an outlet for information.
“This is not a wormhole in the real world, but a mathematical way of calculating the entropy of radiation. Wormholes connect the inside of the black hole and the radiation outside, like a bridge.” say Kanato Goto from RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences, as reported by Tech Explorist.
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In 1993, physicist Don Page calculated that if no information was lost, the entropy would initially grow but drop to zero as the black hole disappeared.
However, this concept was proven wrong when physicists combined quantum mechanics with the standard description of black holes in general relativity. The results showed that the entropy continues to increase as the black hole shrinks, indicating that information is lost.
In this study, physicists combined the standard description of black holes in general relativity and the description of black holes in general relativity worm hole. After conducting a detailed analysis, they found that their results matched Page’s predictions. This shows that physicists are right where they think the information persists even after the black hole disappears.
“We discovered a new space-time geometry with a wormhole-like structure that had been neglected in conventional calculations. The entropy calculated using this new geometry gives a completely different result.” Goto knot.
But this raises a new question. “We still don’t know the basic mechanism by which information is carried by radiation,” Goto said. “We need a theory of quantum gravity.”
“In every version that has been proposed for the wormhole approach, we have found that the physics are inconsistent,” Mathur said. “The wormhole paradigm tries to argue that, in some ways, you can still think of a black hole as effectively empty with all the mass at its center. And the theorems we proved show that such a hole picture is not a possibility.”
So, does this mean the information paradox is resolved? Turns out, not yet.
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