Understanding Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) & Recent Increases in Cases
Erythema infectiosum, commonly known as “Fifth Disease” due to being historically categorized as teh fifth rash-causing childhood illness (following measles, scarlet fever, rubella, and scalded skin syndrome), is currently experiencing a surge in cases, especially in France and the United Kingdom. This viral infection is caused by the parvovirus B19, a virus that exclusively infects humans.
What are the Symptoms?
The hallmark symptom of Fifth Disease is a distinctive bright red rash on the cheeks, often described as a “slapped cheek” appearance. This rash typically appears after the initial contagious phase. Following the facial rash, a lacy, red rash may develop on the trunk, arms, and legs. This rash can reappear temporarily with exposure to sun, heat, fever, exertion, or emotional stress.
While most children experience mild symptoms, some may have flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, and a runny nose preceding the rash by a few days.A small percentage of adolescents and adults may experience mild, intermittent joint pain and swelling for a few months.Importantly, some individuals, particularly children, may not exhibit any noticeable symptoms at all, meaning the infection can go undetected.
How is it Spread?
Contagion begins once the rash appears. The virus is spread through respiratory secretions, like coughs and sneezes.
Treatment & Immunity
Fifth Disease typically resolves on its own. Treatment focuses on symptom relief. Children can be given over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage fever, pain, headache, and joint discomfort. Antihistamines or other medications can be used to alleviate intense itching. Once infected, individuals generally develop long-lasting, often lifelong, immunity to parvovirus B19, provided their immune system is functioning normally.
Who Needs to Be Particularly Careful?
While generally mild in children, Fifth Disease requires increased vigilance in certain populations:
* Pregnant Women: Parvovirus B19 can, in rare instances, affect the developing fetus. Santé Publique France recommends pregnant women avoid contact with confirmed or suspected cases and immediately consult a specialist if they notice a reduction in fetal movement.
* Individuals with Underlying Health conditions: People with certain types of anemia or compromised immune systems are at higher risk of complications.
* Unusual symptoms: Doctors should consider parvovirus B19 infection in children presenting with suggestive symptoms,even if initial tests for other illnesses (like measles) are negative.
Current Situation & Recommendations
Public health authorities are monitoring the situation closely, as the number of parvovirus B19 infections has been unusually high, reaching a peak in March 2024. For families, managing symptoms involves rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications (with medical advice for pain relief). The rash typically evolves over 1-3 weeks and resolves with time.
Key Takeaways:
* Erythema infectiosum (Fifth Disease) is a common viral infection, particularly in children.
* Its characterized by a “slapped cheek” rash and can cause mild flu-like symptoms.
* While usually benign, pregnant women and individuals with certain health conditions should take extra precautions and seek medical advice if concerned.
* Cases are currently elevated in France and the UK, prompting increased awareness.
Resources:
For further information, consult your healthcare provider or refer to resources like the MSD Manual and Health Insurance websites.
