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Breast cancer screening and prevention in the UAE: a cross-sectional study of risk awareness and provider engagement | BMC Public Health

by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor
written by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor

Breast Cancer Awareness Efforts Expand in Arab Gulf Nations

Focus on Screening and Risk Assessment Gains Momentum

Efforts to bolster breast cancer awareness and screening are intensifying across the Middle East, with a growing body of research highlighting the importance of accessible information and risk assessment tools for women in the region.

Regional Data Illuminates Screening Gaps

Recent studies indicate that while breast cancer is a significant concern globally, its epidemiology and the factors influencing detection vary across regions. Research specifically examining the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, such as the work by Sm S Albeshan and colleagues in 2018, underscores the need for localized strategies. Similarly, a 2023 analysis by H Al-Shamsi and a team explored breast cancer prevalence within these nations, contributing to a clearer regional picture.

Targeted Outreach and Education Initiatives

Community-based initiatives are playing a crucial role in these awareness campaigns. The “Pink Caravan Ride,” for instance, has conducted extensive free breast cancer screenings, with its 11th campaign alone reaching over 13,000 women, as reported by Friends of Cancer Patients (FOCP). This highlights a proactive approach to making diagnostic services more available.

Understanding Risk and Enhancing Screening Practices

Knowledge and practice concerning breast cancer risk factors and screening remain central to prevention efforts. Studies such as the one by MO Abbas and M Baig in 2023 investigated these aspects among women in the UAE, revealing areas for improved health literacy. Globally, factors influencing screening practices are being systematically reviewed, as seen in the work by B Tavakoli and others in 2024, which examined worldwide trends and barriers.

Leveraging Technology and Healthcare Providers

The integration of digital tools and the role of healthcare professionals are also critical. The impact of breast cancer awareness programs on screening utilization in the UAE was assessed in a 2025 study by RA Abdulla and associates, pointing to the importance of effective outreach. Furthermore, research has begun to explore the performance of various breast cancer risk-assessment models, including the Gail model, in different populations, such as in Saudi women studied by HH Al Otaibi in 2017.

Healthcare providers are increasingly recognized as key facilitators in shared decision-making regarding breast cancer screening. A 2020 analysis by AH McClintock and colleagues outlined a step-wise approach for primary care providers. Their insights underscore the importance of patient-provider communication in encouraging proactive health behaviors, a theme echoed in studies examining adherence to treatment and health information seeking.

Global Guidelines Inform Local Strategies

International guidelines for breast cancer screening provide a framework for national efforts. A systematic review by W Ren and colleagues in 2022 summarized these global approaches. Tools like the National Cancer Institute’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool and the Gail Model are widely referenced resources for projecting individual risk, assisting both patients and clinicians in making informed decisions.

The growing focus on breast cancer awareness and screening in the Middle East reflects a broader global trend. As noted by the World Health Organization, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In 2023, for example, the global burden of cancer was estimated to affect millions, with early detection being a critical factor in improving survival rates (World Health Organization, n.d.).

Cultural Considerations in Screening Engagement

Understanding and addressing cultural barriers are also vital. A 2022 study by SS Azeez and II Andsoy evaluated cultural impediments for Muslim Arab Iraqi women, while another review by L Racine and I Isik Andsoy explored barriers and facilitators for Arab Muslim immigrant and refugee women. Such research aims to tailor awareness campaigns effectively to diverse cultural contexts.

Future Directions in Risk Assessment and Prevention

Ongoing research continues to refine our understanding of breast cancer risk factors and enhance screening strategies. Studies are examining the application of risk assessment models in various populations, including Qatari women by A Bener and colleagues in 2017 and Saudi women by R Alnemari and associates in 2020. These efforts are crucial for developing targeted and effective breast cancer prevention programs.

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Health

Suboptimal distribution and utilization of antenatal care given bed Nets undermine pregnant women’s protection in Benin: a prospective field study | BMC Public Health

by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor
written by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor

Benin Study Assesses Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets

Examining Effectiveness and Durability in Pregnant Women

A comprehensive study conducted in Benin between 2019 and 2021 investigated the physical integrity and bio-efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) among pregnant women. The research aimed to understand LLIN performance in real-world conditions across diverse climatic and geographic settings within the country.

Study Design and Regions

The research spanned three distinct regions of Benin: Southern, Central, and Northern. The Southern area experiences a sub-equatorial climate with two dry and two rainy seasons. The Central and Northern regions have a tropical climate, characterized by a single rainy season from May to October and a dry season from November to April, with the Northern region exhibiting more pronounced seasonal shifts.

Figure 1: Overview of study locations across Benin’s Southern, Central, and Northern regions.

Study sites were selected in partnership with Benin’s National Malaria Control Program. A total of 14 maternity clinics were chosen, with five in the Southern region, five in the Central, and four in the Northern part of the country. These sites included both public and private health centers in rural and urban environments, ensuring a representative sample. Health districts were randomly selected, and clinics were stratified based on location, type, and setting, requiring a minimum of 20 antenatal care (ANC) visits monthly.

Data Collection Methodology

Data were systematically gathered using the KoBo Toolbox platform, with questionnaires designed in XLSForm for optimized data quality. Field teams received thorough training on the data collection tool, utilizing the KoBo Collect mobile app for electronic data entry. This approach allowed for real-time data capture, even in offline conditions, and facilitated secure data transfer.

The study targeted approximately 240 pregnant women in each of the three regions, aiming for a total of 720 participants. Ultimately, 718 women were enrolled. Participants were recruited during their first antenatal care visit (ANC1). They underwent two home visits: one within 48 hours of recruitment and another a month later. Initial data collection focused on LLIN ownership, usage patterns, and the age of LLINs prior to the ANC1 visit. Information on LLIN distribution during ANC1, including installation, and attendance at sensitization sessions regarding LLIN use was also recorded.

Assessing Net Condition and Performance

During the second home visit, LLINs were collected for laboratory analysis to evaluate their physical integrity and bio-efficacy. Physical integrity was assessed by counting and categorizing holes based on size: Size 1 (0.5–2 cm), Size 2 (2–10 cm), Size 3 (10–25 cm), and Size 4 (>25 cm). The hole index (HI) was calculated using a weighted formula derived from WHO guidelines, categorizing nets as “good” (0–64 HI), “acceptable” (65–642 HI), or “bad” (>643 HI).

The bio-efficacy of the LLINs was determined using the standard WHO cone test. Mosquitoes were exposed to net samples to measure knock-down (Kd) and mortality rates at 1 and 24 hours, respectively. According to WHO criteria, an LLIN is considered bio-effective if its Kd rate reaches at least 95% or its mortality rate is 80% or higher.

Statistical Analysis and Findings

Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 15 to determine proportions and confidence intervals for various indicators, including LLIN ownership, distribution, and usage, alongside physical integrity and bio-efficacy metrics. Chi-square tests were employed to compare these indicators across different regions, urban/rural settings, and public/private health center statuses. All analyses accounted for the clustered nature of the data by using STATA’s survey data analysis module, ensuring robust standard errors and adjusted confidence intervals.

The study’s findings are crucial for understanding the ongoing effectiveness of malaria prevention strategies in Benin. Globally, the World Health Organization reports that in 2022, 24 countries in Africa reported more than 10,000 malaria cases each, highlighting the persistent need for reliable LLINs (Source: WHO Malaria Dashboard, 2023).

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Health

Determinants of inequalities in health care seeking behavior for childhood illness in Bangladesh: a trend analysis | BMC Public Health

by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor
written by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor

Child Healthcare Sees Dramatic Turnaround

Care-seeking surges after period of decline, new study reveals

A recent analysis of childhood illness care-seeking trends shows a remarkable recovery in healthcare access, particularly for younger children. After a significant drop between 2006 and 2012-2013, a strong upward trajectory emerged by 2019.

Shifting Trends in Child Healthcare

In 2006, just over 17% of children under five experienced illness, with only 30% receiving medical attention. This figure plummeted to 18.5% during 2012-2013. However, by 2019, the situation dramatically improved, with 74.6% of sick children seeking medical care.

Figure 2 illustrates the changing patterns in care-seeking behavior for childhood illnesses.

Gender Disparities Emerge in Care Seeking

While in 2006 care-seeking was gender-neutral, subsequent years saw a significant trend towards prioritizing male children. By 2012-2013 and again in 2019, male children were more likely to receive medical care for illnesses.

Regional and Age-Related Variations

Geographical location played a crucial role in care access, with notable regional disparities evident across study periods. In 2019, regions like Rangpur showed an impressive 84.7% care-seeking rate, a stark contrast to earlier periods. Age also influenced care-seeking; infants under 11 months were prioritized in 2006 and 2012-2013, but by 2019, children aged 48-59 months saw the highest rate of medical attention, suggesting an increased awareness of health needs in older age groups.

Maternal education’s influence on care-seeking decreased by 2019, potentially due to broader improvements in healthcare access. Conversely, the educational attainment of household heads became a more significant factor. The impact of religion on care-seeking diminished over time, while ethnic disparities in healthcare access became more pronounced, with Bengali participants consistently seeking more care.

Socioeconomic Factors and Health Practices

Breastfeeding status emerged as a significant factor in care-seeking by 2019. While socioeconomic status (wealth quintiles) only briefly influenced care-seeking in 2012-2013, the wealthiest quintile showed a notable increase in seeking care by 2019. The number of young children in a household also affected care-seeking patterns, though this association became insignificant by 2019.

Improved hygiene, indicated by the availability of hand-washing facilities, correlated with higher care-seeking rates in earlier years but this link weakened by 2019. Despite overall improvements, childhood stunting did not show a significant association with care-seeking in the most recent study period.

Multivariate Analysis Reveals Key Determinants

Multivariate analysis confirmed that female children were consistently less likely to receive care than their male counterparts throughout the study. Regional differences were stark in 2019, with Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Mymensingh divisions showing significantly higher care-seeking rates compared to Dhaka. Conversely, Sylhet division displayed the lowest rates.

While younger children were prioritized in earlier years, by 2019, those aged 12-23 months showed a slightly lower likelihood of seeking care. Maternal education showed an increasing positive association with care-seeking, and household heads with secondary education were more likely to seek care for their children. Significant disparities persisted among ethnic groups, with ‘Others’ seeking substantially less care than Bengali participants in 2019.

In 2019, the wealthiest quintile demonstrated a higher propensity for seeking care. The number of children in a household no longer significantly influenced care-seeking, and the availability of hand-washing facilities and childhood stunting impacts were not significant by 2019. Factors such as area of residence, religion, and breastfeeding status showed limited association with care-seeking behavior across all periods.

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Health

Deafness & Mental Health: Childhood Communication Access Matters

by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor
written by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor

Here are the bibliographic entries you requested, formatted for clarity:

1. Gale E, Smith T, Birdsey BC, Moodie STF, et al. Family-centered early intervention deaf/hard of hearing (FCEI-DHH): Cultural & global implications. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 2024;29(1):127-39.

2. Hoskin J, Herman R, Woll B. Deaf language specialists: Delivering language therapy in signed languages. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 2023;28(1):40-52.

3. The Hands and Voices Off to a Great Start. The Hands & Voices Family Support Activities Guide [Internet]: Hands and Voices; 2024 [cited 2024 March].Available from: https://handsandvoices.org/great-start/fam-support-guide/index.html.

4. Hauser PC, O’Hearn A, McKee M, Steider A, Thew D. Deaf epistemology: Deafhood and deafness. Am ann Deaf. 2010;154(5):486-92.

5. Johnston T. W(h)ither the deaf community? Population, genetics, and the future of Australian sign language. Sign Language Studies. 2006;6(2):137-73.

6. Zamborlin C. Going beyond pragmatic failures: Dissonance in intercultural interaction.Intercult Pragmat. 2007;4(1):21-50.

7. Schwartz S, Zamboanga B, Wang W, Olthuis J.Measuring identity from an Eriksonian viewpoint: Two sides of the same coin? J Pers Assess. 2009;91(2):143-54.8. Molinsky A.Cross-cultural code-switching: The psychological challenges of adapting behavior in foreign cultural interactions. Acad Manag Rev. 2007;32(2):622-40.

9. Gardner-Chloros P. Contact and code-switching. In: Hickey R,editor.The Handbook of Language Contact. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2020. p. 181-99. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119485094.ch9.

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Health

Prevalence and patterns of multiple long-term conditions among lymphatic filariasis patients in Odisha, India: a community-based cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health

by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor
written by Dr. Michael Lee – Health Editor

Lymphatic Filariasis Patients Face High Rates of Other Illnesses

Comorbidities require comprehensive healthcare strategies in India

Adults with lymphatic filariasis frequently experience multiple additional chronic conditions, or MLTC. A recent study highlights the critical need for integrated healthcare approaches to address this complex health challenge in India, where the disease is prevalent.

Common Comorbidities

Hypertension was the most frequent comorbidity observed in lymphatic filariasis patients. Peptic ulcer disease, visual impairment, arthritis, and diabetes also appeared. These findings differ from a study of tuberculosis patients by **Chauhan et al.**, where depression was most common.

Despite the variances, hypertension, diabetes, and peptic ulcer disease were highly prevalent across both studies, suggesting shared risk factors between chronic infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases in India. Chronic inflammation from lymphatic filariasis may contribute to cardiometabolic diseases.

MLTC Prevalence

The prevalence of MLTC in lymphatic filariasis patients exceeds rates reported in studies of tuberculosis (52%) and HIV patients (48%) in India. It’s also higher than the global pooled prevalence of multimorbidity of 37% (Lancet, 2023).

The study noted a mean participant age of 62.1 years, which may contribute to the higher MLTC prevalence. Assessment of MLTC among lymphatic filariasis patients is essential for designing evidence-based policies to ensure continuity of care.

Risk Factors and Disparities

Increasing age correlates with a higher chance of having MLTC, aligning with existing research. India aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2027. However, affected patients will need quality healthcare for years to come, reinforcing the need for robust primary care.

Men with lymphatic filariasis were found to be at greater risk of MLTC than women, a contrast to other Indian studies. Gender roles may play a part, with women continuing physical activity through household chores while men may rest more when diagnosed with the disease.

More years of schooling correlated with a greater chance of having MLTC, which aligns with findings from Southeast Asia. Education may increase health consciousness and diagnosis rates. Lack of work also increased MLTC risk, consistent with research showing that unemployment elevates multimorbidity risk.

Common Disease Patterns

Hypertension and diabetes were the most commonly occurring pattern among patients with lymphatic filariasis. This is consistent with findings indicating cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as frequent multimorbidity patterns in Asia.

Implications for Healthcare

The study suggests integrating lymphatic filariasis patients into existing primary healthcare centers for continuous care. Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAM) aim to strengthen primary care but do not include lymphatic filariasis, despite its prevalence across India.

Those with lymphatic filariasis need additional support due to their socio-economic status. Patient-centered, holistic care at a single facility is crucial. Community health workers can help track patients, screen for conditions, and support medication adherence under the Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme.

Family-based approaches are needed to reduce shared risk factors for MLTC. Future studies should focus on interventions to manage MLTC in this population. Integrated healthcare services may help lessen the burden of multiple chronic conditions among lymphatic filariasis patients.

Study Limitations

The study was conducted in one Indian state, and data relied on self-reported conditions, which may introduce bias. Also, the cross-sectional design prevents establishing causality.

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Technology

Visible Light Powers CO2 Reduction with New Photocatalyst Design

by Rachel Kim – Technology Editor
written by Rachel Kim – Technology Editor

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Breakthrough Catalyst Boosts Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Efficiency

Table of Contents

A novel photocatalyst developed by researchers at Xi’an Jiaotong University is making waves in the field of sustainable energy. The new material considerably enhances photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, converting carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals using solar energy. This breakthrough addresses the urgent need for technologies that can mitigate carbon emissions and provide sustainable energy solutions.

lead-Free Catalyst Design Enhances CO₂ Conversion

The research team,led by Jie Chen,engineered a unique Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst. This catalyst combines 0D Cs₃Bi₂I₉ nanoparticles with 1D WO₃ nanorods, creating a structure that maximizes light absorption and charge separation. Unlike customary lead-containing perovskites, this lead-free design offers improved stability and reduces toxicity concerns.

Did You Know? The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) reached 419 parts per million (ppm) in 2023, a record high, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Key Performance Metrics

The 0D/1D Cs₃Bi₂I₉/WO₃ Z-scheme heterojunction demonstrated remarkable performance in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

  • Enhanced CO₂ Reduction Activity: The catalyst achieved a CO production rate of 16.5 μmol/(g·h). This is approximately three times higher than that of pristine Cs₃Bi₂I₉ (5.3 μmol/(g·h)).The CO selectivity was an remarkable 98.7%.
  • Stability: the catalyst maintained stable performance over three cycles of 3-hour reactions. No significant structural changes were observed.
  • Charge Transfer Mechanism: In situ XPS and ESR measurements confirmed a Z-scheme charge transfer pathway. electrons move from WO₃ to Cs₃Bi₂I₉ under light illumination,promoting efficient charge separation and reducing recombination.
  • Photophysical and Photoelectrochemical Properties: The heterojunction exhibited efficient charge carrier transfer and separation. This was confirmed by surface photovoltage spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements.

Pro Tip: Optimizing the morphology and composition of photocatalysts can significantly enhance their efficiency and stability in CO₂ reduction.

Z-Scheme Heterojunction: A Novel Approach

The Z-scheme heterojunction design is crucial to the catalyst’s success. This configuration facilitates efficient charge separation, preventing the recombination of electrons and holes. By combining morphological engineering with the Z-scheme heterojunction, the researchers have paved the way for more efficient and stable photocatalytic materials.

Photocatalyst Performance Comparison
Catalyst CO Production Rate (μmol/(g·h)) CO selectivity (%)
0D/1D Cs₃Bi₂I₉/WO₃ 16.5 98.7
Pristine Cs₃Bi₂I₉ 5.3 N/A

Implications for Sustainable Energy

This work provides valuable insights into designing efficient heterojunctions for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. The successful construction of the 0D/1D Z-scheme heterojunction not only enhances the performance of lead-free halide perovskites but also offers a promising strategy for developing advanced photocatalysts.

The development of efficient photocatalytic materials is essential for achieving global carbon emission reduction targets. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals emphasize the need for innovative technologies to combat climate change and promote sustainable energy solutions.

What other innovative approaches could enhance the efficiency of CO₂ reduction?

How can governments and industries collaborate to accelerate the adoption of these sustainable technologies?

Evergreen Insights: The Future of Carbon Capture

Carbon capture and utilization technologies are gaining increasing attention as critical components of climate change mitigation strategies. Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction offers a sustainable pathway to convert harmful greenhouse gases into valuable resources, such as fuels and chemicals. The development of efficient and stable photocatalysts is essential for realizing the full potential of this technology.

Historically, carbon capture technologies have faced challenges related to cost and energy efficiency.However, recent advances in materials science and nanotechnology are driving down costs and improving performance. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar power, with carbon capture processes further enhances their sustainability.

Frequently Asked Questions About CO₂ Reduction

What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?
The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO₂
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