Grocery store shelves have seen their share of shortages recently. From avian flu impacting egg supplies to hot sauce and olive oil scarcity, consumers are growing accustomed to fluctuating availability and prices. Now, black pepper, a globally essential spice, is becoming more expensive and harder to find.

Black pepper is a staple in cuisines worldwide, enhancing even the simplest dishes. But what happens when this beloved ingredient becomes scarce?

Why the black Peppercorn Shortage?

The spice trade continues to grapple with the aftereffects of the pandemic. Supply chain bottlenecks have led to distribution challenges and increased costs. Simultaneously,international demand for premium black peppercorns is rising,while supply remains constrained.

climate change is also a notable factor. Peppercorn plants thrive in tropical climates, with India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Brazil being major producers. These regions rely on predictable rainy seasons for planting and harvesting. Though, unpredictable rainfall patterns have disrupted these schedules, increasing the risk of drought and flooding, both of which can severely damage pepper crops.

Studies indicate that weather conditions not only affect the quantity of pepper produced but also its flavor. Pepper that lacks the desired flavor cannot be sold, adding another layer of complexity for farmers.

These challenges create significant problems for black pepper farmers, leading some to switch to more reliable and profitable crops. An article in the India Tribune highlights how a disorganized trade system puts farmers in a difficult position. Third-party distributors take a cut of farmers’ profits, reducing the incentive to meet the high demand for the spice.

Shortages are likely to first appear in stores that sell generic or store-brand spices. Regardless of where you shop, expect black peppercorns to become more expensive. Prices have already tripled since January 2023,according to a 2025 report by Nedspice,a global spice trader and distributor.

Ground Black Pepper vs. Black Peppercorns

Pre-ground black pepper is generally a poor substitute for freshly ground peppercorns. Ground pepper loses its potency quickly, and its flavor diminishes over time. The fragrance and texture of freshly cracked pepper are essential for dishes like Cacio e Pepe and Steak au Poivre.

A recent Consumer Reports study found that pre-ground pepper may contain trace amounts of heavy metals. Therefore, it is advisable to seek alternatives.

Substitutes for Black Pepper

White pepper has a milder, earthier flavor but lacks the punch of black pepper. Rainbow peppercorns, a blend of green, pink, black, and white peppercorns, may be too complex for everyday use.

Consider using other spices in your cabinet. Smoked paprika can season roasted potatoes or scrambled eggs. Coriander and cumin can enhance grilled chicken or fish. Dried herb blends like herbes de Provence can add flavor to vinaigrettes.

If you still crave black pepper, consider buying a refillable pepper mill and purchasing whole peppercorns in bulk. This can save money and ensure you have a supply when pepper is less available.