Scientists have uncovered a mechanism by which living cells generate electrical signals through the motion of their membranes, potentially resolving a long-standing question about cellular energy and communication. The research, led by Pradeep Sharma and colleagues, details how microscopic movements within the cell membrane can create voltage spikes similar to those used by neurons, according to findings published December 16, 2025.
The cell membrane, traditionally understood as a protective barrier controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell, is now understood to be a dynamic structure constantly in motion. This movement, the research indicates, isn’t merely a byproduct of cellular activity but a potential source of energy and signaling. The team developed a mathematical model to explore the interaction between physical forces and biological activity within the cell.
The process involves active proteins embedded within the cell membrane interacting with molecules like ATP. These interactions generate what researchers term “active noise” – fluctuations that cause subtle displacements in the membrane’s structure. Due to a property called flexoelectric coupling, these displacements induce changes in the transmembrane voltage, effectively generating an electric current. This suggests cells can harvest energy and actively transport ions through these membrane motions.
The findings, published in PNAS Nexus, build on earlier theoretical work proposing that cell membranes could act as “tiny power generators,” a concept explored by scientists as recently as January 1, 2026. This new research provides a more detailed explanation of the underlying physical mechanisms. The work may also have implications for the design of bio-inspired materials, potentially leading to the creation of intelligent materials that mimic the energy-generating capabilities of living cells.
The research team utilized a schematic representation of an active cell membrane to illustrate the process, showing active proteins interacting with ATP molecules and generating fluctuations that affect the membrane’s displacement and voltage. The study highlights the potential for these microscopic motions to drive key biological functions, offering a new perspective on cellular processes.
Further research is planned to investigate the extent to which this mechanism contributes to overall cellular energy production and signaling, and to explore its potential applications in bioengineering and materials science.
