Indonesian nationalism lacks a unifying thread, defined by negation rather than affirmation, with only a common struggle against imperialist powers as a foundation.
Indonesian nationalism is defined more by negation than affirmation due to the absence of a unifying thread to bind the nation’s diverse languages, cultures, and ethnicities together. The country’s founders rejected labels such as East or West, Islamist or secular, and Western-style democracy or left-wing totalitarianism, instead opting for guided democracy or deliberation for a … Read more