Climate Change Drives spread of Deadly Snail-Borne Parasite

A parasitic disease, schistosomiasis, carried by snails, is increasingly spreading due to climate change, posing a important threat to vulnerable populations worldwide. The infection, caused by parasitic worms, can lead to severe health complications if left untreated, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The changing climate is creating conditions that favor the snails’ proliferation, expanding the geographical range of this neglected tropical disease.

The Growing Threat of Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is contracted through contact with freshwater contaminated with the parasite. Snails act as intermediate hosts, releasing the infectious worms into the water.People become infected when these worms penetrate their skin during activities like swimming, washing, or farming. The disease is prevalent in many parts of Africa, Asia, and South America, impacting hundreds of millions of people annually.

Symptoms of schistosomiasis can vary, but often include fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches in the early stages.Chronic infections can result in anemia, bloody stools, urinary problems, and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In women and girls,a specific form called female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) can cause severe reproductive health issues,including infertility and increased risk of HIV.

Did You Know? Schistosomiasis affects over 251.4 million people worldwide, with approximately 20,000 deaths reported each year, according to the World Health Organization.

climate change: A Key Driver

Climate change is exacerbating the spread of schistosomiasis through several mechanisms. Rising global temperatures and altered rainfall patterns are expanding the habitat range of the snails that carry the parasite.Increased flooding events create new breeding grounds for snails, while droughts concentrate populations in limited water sources, increasing the risk of human contact with contaminated water. A study published in *The Lancet Planetary Health* highlights the direct correlation between climate change and the geographical expansion of schistosomiasis-transmitting snails.

researcher Bonnie Webster, who studies the disease at London’s Natural History Museum, told *The Telegraph* that climate change will likely cause dramatic changes in transmission which need to be understood. Some areas will become drier and other areas will become flooded, creating new water bodies. This will lead to snails changing where they can be found and cause the prevalence of schistosomiasis to increase and spread, leading to outbreaks in new locations.

Marginalized communities in low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected by schistosomiasis due to limited access to clean water and sanitation. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable, as they often bear the duty for water collection and household chores that involve contact with contaminated water.

pro Tip: Check travel advisories and health recommendations from the CDC or WHO before traveling to regions where schistosomiasis is prevalent.

impact on Women and Girls

Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a devastating result of schistosomiasis, affecting an estimated 56 million women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa, according to Unlimit health. FGS can cause genital lesions, pain, and bleeding, frequently enough misdiagnosed as sexually transmitted infections. Untreated FGS can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and an increased risk of HIV and cervical cancer. The stigma associated with FGS can also lead to social isolation and psychological distress.

Gendered labor dynamics further increase the risk for women and girls.In many communities, they are responsible for washing clothes, collecting water, and caring for children, all activities that may involve contact with contaminated water. Addressing gender inequalities and providing access to clean water and sanitation are crucial steps in preventing FGS and protecting the health of women and girls.

Combating Schistosomiasis: Challenges and Solutions

While effective treatments for schistosomiasis exist,challenges remain in controlling the disease. Drug resistance is a growing concern, and shortages of essential medications can hinder treatment efforts. Recent cuts to international aid programs, such as those by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), may also impede research and response efforts for neglected tropical diseases like schistosomiasis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes the importance of integrated approaches to combat schistosomiasis, including mass drug administration, snail control, improved sanitation, and health education. Community engagement and participation are essential for the success of these programs.Investing in research and development of new diagnostic tools and treatments is also crucial for long-term control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

The CDC recommends several prevention measures, including avoiding swimming or wading in perhaps contaminated water, improving sanitation systems, and controlling snail populations. Public health campaigns can raise awareness about the risks of schistosomiasis and promote safe water practices.

Staying informed about the impacts of climate change on health is essential for developing effective responses to emerging threats. By working together, communities can advocate for policies that address climate change and protect vulnerable populations from the spread of infectious diseases.

What Can You Do?

Hear are some ways you can help:

• Support organizations working to combat schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases.
• Advocate for policies that address climate change and promote access to clean water and sanitation.
• Educate yourself and others about the risks of schistosomiasis and how to prevent it.

Disclaimer: This article provides general data and should not be considered medical advice. Consult with a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis.

What steps do you think are most crucial for preventing the spread of schistosomiasis? How can communities work together to address this growing threat?

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