nutrición

Spain’s aging population is prompting increased focus on nutritional needs specific to seniors, as the country anticipates a significant rise in those aged 65 and over. According to data released by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) on June 24, 2024, the percentage of the population in this age bracket is projected to increase from the current 20.4% to 30.5% around 2055.

This demographic shift necessitates a tailored approach to diet, experts say, to support the autonomy, physical and mental health, and overall well-being of older adults. The human body undergoes changes with age, requiring specific attention to nutritional intake. These changes include a loss of muscle mass, decreased sensation of thirst, and reduced appetite, factors that, when combined with an active lifestyle, can contribute to healthier aging and disease prevention.

The INE projections indicate Spain will gain more than five million inhabitants in the next 15 years, and nearly six million by 2074, but this growth is heavily reliant on immigration. The proportion of the population born in Spain is expected to decrease from 81.9% today to 61.0% within 50 years. While the overall population is expected to rise to 54.6 million by 2074, the aging trend will continue to reshape the country’s demographic landscape.

Physiological changes associated with aging include alterations in body composition, with an increase in fat mass and a progressive loss of muscle and bone density. Digestive processes slow down, and the sense of thirst diminishes. Difficulty chewing, loss of appetite, and a decline in taste and smell are as well common. These alterations can lead to decreased interest in food or a preference for overly sugary or heavily seasoned meals, while reducing consumption of essential nutrients found in meat, fruits, and raw vegetables.

Social factors also play a role. Isolation and loneliness can lead older individuals to neglect their diets or skip meals. Alicia López de Ocáriz, director medical at Grupo Cinfa, emphasized that these circumstances are often not fully understood or addressed from a nutritional perspective by patients or their caregivers, potentially leading to nutrient deficiencies, dehydration, or malnutrition.

Maintaining muscle mass is a key nutritional goal for seniors. Experts recommend a daily protein intake of 70 to 90 grams, adjusted based on weight and health status. This intake should come from both animal sources – lean meats, fish, eggs – and plant-based sources like legumes, dairy, cereals, and nuts. Distributing protein intake throughout the day is crucial for preserving muscle strength and reducing the risk of falls.

Adequate hydration is also paramount. Water should be the primary source of hydration, avoiding sugary or alcoholic beverages. Proper hydration helps prevent constipation, a common issue as intestinal motility slows with age. A daily intake of 1.5 to two liters of water is generally recommended, adjusted for climate, health, and activity level. Caldos and infusions can also contribute to hydration, as can water-rich fruits and vegetables like melon, watermelon, oranges, and cucumbers.

Supporting intestinal health is another critical component of nutrition in older age. A daily fiber intake of 25 to 30 grams is recommended to improve transit. When possible, diets should include fruits with skin, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and nuts. The intestinal flora tends to become imbalanced with age, and adequate hydration and fiber intake can act as preventative measures.

For patients with dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, food textures must be modified. Solid foods should be pureed or mashed, and water can be thickened with special agents or gelatin. Foods with seeds or skins should be avoided. Preparing foods as creams, protein-rich purees, or enriched dairy products can facilitate intake. Thickening agents are designed to modify food texture, making it safer to swallow, and combining different textures in a single dish – such as soup with noodles – should be avoided to prevent choking.

The environment and frequency of meals also matter. Meals should be consumed in a distraction-free setting with proper posture, avoiding eating in bed. Caregivers should sit directly in front of the individual, offering food from below to prevent neck strain and potential aspiration. Five or six smaller meals throughout the day are recommended over fewer, larger meals to improve digestion and regulate blood sugar and fat levels.

Given the decline in taste and smell, enhancing the palatability of food is essential. Spices, herbs, vinegars, lemon, garlic, and onion can be used to season food, while avoiding excessive salt. Cooking methods like baking, poaching, steaming, grilling, and stewing are preferred over frying and the leverage of fatty sauces.