Home care/HCBS

Long-standing workforce challenges in Medicaid home care (also known as home- and community-based services or HCBS) impact care for the over 5 million people who use these services. Shortages and high turnover rates among the direct care workforce reflect demanding work and low wages, particularly among home care workers (who are direct care workers that provide HCBS). This issue brief describes states’ ongoing efforts to respond to shortages of home care workers and how they pay these workers, finding that increased payment rates are a key component of states’ efforts to address workforce shortages.

Such shortages could increase as states will face tough choices about how to absorb Medicaid cuts stemming from the 2025 reconciliation law, which is estimated to reduce federal Medicaid spending by $911 billion over the next decade. When faced with fiscal pressures in the past, states have responded with restrictions on home care, and as a result of the reconciliation law, states may again face significant pressures to cut Medicaid payment rates, offer fewer covered benefits, or restrict eligibility. The Medicaid cuts could also affect access to health coverage among home care workers because over one-in-three workers in home care settings are enrolled in Medicaid. Reduced access to health coverage among the workforce could exacerbate other challenges.

Workforce challenges may also worsen in future years because of changes in immigration policy. Nearly one-in-three home care workers are immigrants, and the Trump Administration’s intensified immigration enforcement and restrictive policies are deepening anxiety and fear among immigrants of all statuses. KFF survey data finds that 13% of immigrants have avoided going to work since January 2025 because of concerns about drawing attention to someone’s immigration status, a number which rises to 40% among people who are likely to be undocumented immigrants. Fewer immigrants overall and potentially lower rates of employment among immigrants could reduce the size of the home care workforce. With more limited immigration, there will be fewer workers overall to care for an aging population.

Amidst this evolving landscape, this issue brief describes Medicaid payment rates for home care and other workforce supports that are in place in 2025, before the majority of the 2025 reconciliation law provisions start taking effect. This issue brief is one of several reporting the data from the 23^rd KFF survey of officials administering Medicaid home care programs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia (hereafter referred to as a state), which states completed between April and July 2025. The survey was sent to each state official responsible for overseeing home care benefits (including home health, personal care, and waiver services for specific populations such as people with physical disabilities). All states except Florida responded to the 2025 survey, but response rates for certain questions were lower. States generally completed the survey prior to enactment of the 2025 reconciliation law. Survey findings are reported by state and waiver target population, although states often offer multiple waivers for a given target population. Key takeaways include:

• All responding states reported taking actions to address workforce shortages, with most states raising payment rates (Figure 1).
• All states reported shortages of home care workers, most frequently among direct support professionals, nursing staff, personal care attendants, and case managers.
• Most (41) states reported permanent closures of home care providers within the last year.
• Among the 34 states that reported time-based payment rates for personal care providers, more than half pay less than $20 per hour.

How are States Addressing the Workforce Challenges in Home Care?

All responding states reported workforce shortages in 2025, with the most common shortages being among direct support professionals (48 states), followed by nursing staff (47 states) and personal care attendants (46 states) (Figure 2, Appendix Table 2). States were asked if they had shortages of each type of provider but were not provided with a definition of “shortage.” Most states also reported shortages in case managers (44 states), home health aides (41 states), certified nurse aides (39 states), community-based mental health providers (38 states), and occupational, physical, and speech therapy providers (30 states). In some cases, states may not have reported a shortage of a particular type of provider because that type of service is not offered through their home care program.

All states reported shortages for more than one type of provider, and 43 states reported shortages among five or more provider types. Such shortages may reflect low compensation coupled with demanding working conditions. In the spring of 2024, home care providers participating in KFF focus groups reported that their jobs had high physical demands and mental demands that were often “overwhelming.” The groups described their wages as low, particularly given the demands of their jobs; and how staffing shortages made their jobs harder because they may not know if they would be able to leave work at the end of their shift. In survey responses, states attributed shortages to low reimbursement rates, lack of qualified providers, and high turnover rates.

Within the last year, 41 states reported permanent closures of home care providers, which were most common among adult day health programs (28 states), followed by group homes (23 states), assisted living facilities, and the enrollee’s home (22 states each) (Figure 3, Appendix Table 3). States were asked if there were any permanent closures of providers that offer services for Medicaid enrollees based on the location in which the providers deliver care. For a setting such as an assisted living facility or group home, a closure could reflect either the closure of an assisted living facility or the closure of a home care agency that sent workers into facilities and group homes. States were not asked to provide a reason for the closures. Some states reported closures of supported employment providers (12 states), home health agencies (11 states), and community mental health providers (5 states). Most states reported closures among more than one type of provider: 35 states reported closures among two or more provider types, and 26 states reported closures among three or more provider types.

All responding states reported taking actions to address provider shortages, with 48 states increasing payment rates, 38 states developing or expanding worker education and training programs, and 24 states offering incentive payments to recruit or retain workers (Figure 1, Appendix Table 1). Less common initiatives included establishing or raising the state minimum wage (20 states), offering worker retention bonuses (20 states), and offering paid sick leave for workers (18 states). States also reported other types of initiatives to strengthen the workforce, including initiatives allowing people to receive paid care from family members. For example, Oregon created a new 1915(c) waiver that allows parents of minor children to be paid for providing attendant care to their child. States’ actions to address provider shortages in 2025 were similar to those in 2024.

All but 11 states use managed care to provide at least some home care, and in over half of the states with managed care, fee-for-service payment rates impact the payment rates that managed care plans pay home care providers. Out of the 39 states that use managed care to provide at least some home care, 20 states reported that the fee-for-service payment rates represent the minimum amount that plans must pay providers, 2 states, Michigan and Wisconsin, reported that the rate represents the maximum payment rate for managed care plans, 11 states reported that the fee-for-service rates do not affect payments by private plans, and 6 states responded that the answer was unknown or did not respond to the question.

How Much do States Pay for Medicaid Home Care?

KFF asked states to report their average hourly rate paid to two types of home care provider agencies (personal care agencies and home health agencies) and three types of specific home care providers (personal care providers, home health aides, and registered nurses), but many states were unable to report all rates (Appendix Table 4). The number of states that responded to the survey but did not provide hourly payment rates or reported that payment rates were unknown was 4 for personal care agencies and 32 for home health agencies. Many states also did not provide payment rates for specific provider types: For registered nurses and home health aides, more than half of states did not provide hourly payment rate information or reported that payment rates were unknown.

Starting July 2026, states are required to report detailed payment rates for personal care, home health, and other services, per the provisions of the Biden Administration final Access rule (see Box 1). In addition to reporting payment rates for certain home care services, starting in 2030, states must demonstrate that at least 80% of the payments went to compensation for providers, also described as “direct care workers.” Meeting that requirement will require states to know both agency and provider payment rates. Among the states that were able to report payment rates, only 15 could report payment rates for personal care agencies, home health agencies, personal care providers, and home health aides, all of which would be required under the rule. Those 15 states include states that reported a mix of hourly and non-hourly rates, which makes comparisons between provider and agency rates more complicated. These challenges highlight the difficulties states face as they implement the requirements in the new rule, which will take effect in July 2026 (Box 1).

States reported many reasons why it was difficult to report payment rates, including the following.

• Some states reported that services were bundled together in various ways and therefore, the payment rates were not distinguishable.
• Among states with managed care, some states responded that they did not know the payment rates for agencies because the services were paid for by managed care plans and they did not have access to those payment rates.
• Other states responded that they knew the payment rates for agencies but not what the agencies paid their home care workers. Multiple states reported that they do not “dictate” what agencies pay to providers or that individual providers negotiate their own payment rates with the agencies.

In addition to having difficulty reporting payment rates, many states reported different payment rates for personal care across different waivers, and the waiver payment rates often differ from the payment rates for personal care provided through the state plan. When states reported multiple payment rates for personal care, KFF used the median of those payment rates in the analysis.

The payment rates to home care providers show considerable variation and are somewhat higher than those reported by other organizations on account of differences in reporting and provider categorization (Figure 4). KFF’s survey estimates that median payment rates to providers are $19 per hour for personal care providers, $41 for home health aides, and $70 for registered nurses. It is difficult to compare those numbers to other sources of data for the following reasons.

• Other organizations group classes of providers together differently. PHI reports that in 2024, the median rate for home care workers was $17 per hour and $18 per hour for residential care aides. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports $17 per hour for home health and personal care aides in 2024.
• Other organizations include payment rates for workers regardless of the source of payment whereas KFF rates only reflect the Medicaid rates. Medicaid often covers more intensive personal care services than other payers, which may contribute to the higher rates.

Payment rates to home health agencies are generally larger than those to personal care agencies, but there is considerable variation in both (Figure 4). Among states reporting hourly rates, the rates for home health agencies range from $25 to $159 whereas those for personal care agencies range from $14 to $44. Those states reported that the median hourly payment to home health agencies was $51 and $26 for personal care agencies. Between 2024 and 2025, the median payment rates for personal care agencies and most other provider types increased marginally.

Among states able to report any payment rate data, payments for personal care workers range from below $15 to over $30 per hour (Figure 5, Appendix Table 4). Rates for home health aides are somewhat higher than those of personal care workers, reflecting the additional training requirements for such workers. Among the states with payment rates for home health aides in the highest category, some states reported that the rates were per visit or per day (which is noted in Appendix Table 4). There were other states with particularly high payment rates that did not report providing rates per visit or per day, but the rates may still reflect a non-hourly payment basis.