Women experience and retain pain longer than men, a disparity scientists are increasingly attributing to hormonal and genetic factors influencing the body’s pain-management systems. Recent research, detailed in a Wall Street Journal report, points to lower levels of the anti-pain molecule interleukin-10 (IL-10) in women compared to men, contributing to prolonged discomfort following injury.
Studies conducted on mice revealed significant differences in pain recovery between sexes. Female mice took longer to recover from pain and produced lower levels of IL-10, a molecule that calms the activity of pain-sensing nerves, according to researchers. When these findings were applied to human subjects who had experienced trauma, such as car accidents, the trend held true. Although both men and women reported similar pain levels immediately after the incident, pain diminished more rapidly in men over a three-month period.
IL-10 plays a crucial role in modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation. According to a 2019 study published in J Exp Med, IL-10 is a key regulator of immune cell function, impacting both immune and non-immune cells. The study, authored by Margarida Saraiva, Paulo Vieira, and Anne O’Garra, details the molecular mechanisms governing IL-10 production and its therapeutic potential in various diseases.
The difference in IL-10 levels is linked to hormonal variations. Harrison Linder, a pain management specialist, explained to Women’s Health that estrogen and progesterone in women influence pain perception and can even increase sensitivity during the menstrual cycle. Conversely, testosterone, the primary male hormone, appears to have a protective effect against pain transmission, potentially by boosting IL-10 production.
Genetic predisposition also appears to play a role. Shravani Durbhakula, a pain specialist, noted that studies have identified more genetic factors associated with pain in women, potentially explaining the higher prevalence of chronic pain conditions in this population. A study referenced in the French Wikipedia entry for Interleukin-10 suggests a potential link between deficiencies in IL-10 and inflammatory bowel diseases, though this connection is currently based on animal models.
Researchers emphasize the importance of open communication about pain and advocate for adequate pain management. They stress that experiencing pain is not a sign of personal weakness or failure, but a physiological response that deserves attention and treatment.
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