Breast cancer is now the leading cause of cancer death among women, according to recent data, with delayed diagnosis and lack of treatment significantly contributing to mortality rates. While skin cancer is more prevalent, breast cancer surpasses all other cancers in fatalities among women.
Symptoms of breast cancer can vary significantly from person to person, and some individuals may experience no noticeable signs. Yet, common warning signals include a new lump in the breast or underarm area, thickening or swelling of part of the breast, skin irritation or dimpling, redness or scaling of the nipple or breast skin, nipple retraction or pain, and unusual nipple discharge – including blood. Any change in the size or shape of the breast, or persistent pain in any area of the breast, should too prompt medical evaluation, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The CDC emphasizes that what is considered normal breast tissue differs for each woman. Many women naturally experience lumps or irregular surfaces in their breasts, and these can be affected by menstruation, pregnancy, weight fluctuations, and certain medications. Breast tissue also changes with age. Despite these normal variations, any new or concerning changes should be investigated by a healthcare professional.
While a lump in the breast does not automatically indicate cancer, it is crucial to seek medical attention for prompt diagnosis. The majority of breast lumps are caused by benign conditions such as fibrocystic disease and cysts. However, early detection is paramount, as the stage of cancer at diagnosis significantly impacts treatment options and outcomes.
In the United States, an estimated 297,790 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 55,720 cases of in situ breast cancer are projected for 2023. Among men, approximately 2,800 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 530 deaths are expected. Although the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment are similar for both sexes, men tend to be diagnosed at a later stage of the disease.
Treatment for breast cancer in stages I, II, and III typically involves surgery, often followed by radiation therapy. Many patients also receive systemic therapy, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy, depending on the characteristics of the cancer – including hormone receptor status (estrogen and progesterone receptors) and HER2 protein levels – as well as the patient’s overall health and menopausal status.
The Merck Manual reports that women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in one breast have an increased risk of developing invasive cancer in either breast, necessitating monitoring of both breasts.
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