The LHC, the largest particle accelerator in the world, will soon return to service after several upgrades. Particle physicists still let it be known that the data collected in previous experiments ultimately led to the discovery of 59 new hadrons composed of quarks.
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The A recent presentation of Cern. © CERN
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CERN is a laboratory … “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal/f/5/8/f58a303e02_108863_lhc-2017-maximilien-brice-cern.jpg ” data-url = “https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-cern-4563/” data-more = “Read more”>Cern recently posted a press release that has certainly surprised more than one. He takes stock of the number of particles discovered with collisions of protons at LHC in giant detectors like Atlas, CMS and especially LHCb (Alice is mainly used to explore the Theories established by physics apply in well-defined frameworks.
La physique…” data-image=”https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal/8/9/6/896f032c90_91933_physique-def.jpg” data-url=”https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-physique-15839/” data-more=”Lire la suite”>physique of quagma, the plasma of quarks and gluons, with collisions of monoatomic and polyatomic ions, cations and anions
Ions can be monoatomic, if they are formed from only one type of atoms, or polyatomic … “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal /2/d/3/2d3b08d8ec_100849_ion-definition.jpg “data-url =” https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/chimie-ion-861/ “data-more =” Read more ” >ions heavy).
We could think that there were a dozen at most, with the mythical to begin with, of course, At a temperature close to absolute zero, the bosons can be in the same quantum state, thus forming a perfect quantum gas in a phenomenon called Bose-Einstein condensation. “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal/f/d/0/fd07c5d606_50034518_bosons.jpg “data-url =” https: // www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-boson-3506/ “data-more =” Read the definition “>boson de Brout-Englert-Higgs which earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 to the main theorists who postulated its existence and who are still alive. There were also announcements concerning the detection of hadrons. exotic containing more than three quarks, in this case tetraquarks and pentaquarks. But, in fact, it is no less than 59 new hadrons that have been discovered and the latest are mentioned in an open access article on arXiv, submitted by members of the LHCb collaboration.
Let’s say it right away, it’s not about elementary particles and they are all made up of particles of the standard model, namely quarks and gluons. Quarks were first theoretically discovered in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig, as Futura explained in detail in an article celebrating 50 years of this breakthrough in theoretical physics. The gluons, the cousins of The name photon comes from the Greek and means “light”. Indeed, the photon transmits the electromagnetic interaction, light being an example of an electromagnetic wave. “Data-url =” https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-photon-3500/ ” data-more = “Read the definition”>photons describing the strong nuclear forces between these quarks and whoseenergy is responsible for most of the masses protons, It is not an elementary particle, nor the proton, because it is composed of … “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal /1/5/5/15590279f6_71819_atome.jpg “data-url =” https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-neutron-3498/ “data-more =” Read more “>neutrons, and more generally all the hadrons containing quarks were theoretically postulated in 1972, by Harald Fritzsch and Murray Gell-Mann. The first proof of their existence was provided in 1979.
There are several subtleties when it comes to hadrons (the term was coined by Russian physicist Lev Okun in 1962). In fact, if it is indisputable that they are formed by associations of quarks from which they inherit electrical and other charges.In quantum mechanics, a discontinuous structure appears in place of a continuous structure for a good number of physical quantities. This is the case … “data-url =” https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/chimie-nombre-quantique-4863/ “data-more =” Read more “>quantum numbers “Esoteric” being able to be preserved like the strangeness, many hadrons should not be seen like the equivalents of the atoms composed ofelectrons and cores. From the point of view of equations quantum, nonlinear effects linked to the equations of the theory of gluons, the QCD, can change the nature of quantum states that are relevant to describe quarks at very small distances because, paradoxically, the forces between quarks are weaker the closer they are to each other, unlike what happens with electromagnetic force.
Windows open to new physics?
However, we can continue to describe some of the hadrons discovered with the LHC as the equivalent ofexcited state atoms with electrons on higher energy levels and endowing the Calculus atoms of the moment … “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal/1/ d / 1 / 1d1daba655_50036629_galaxie-sombrero-nasa-01.jpg “data-url =” https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-moment-cinetique-9264/ “data-more =” Read more “>angular moments, again more important. More generally, we speak for these “new” particles of Resonance in physics
This definition derives from that which physicists give to this term. For them, the phenomenon … “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal/2/4/c/24c2c6553e_94983_resonance.jpg “data-url =” https: / /www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-resonance-4079/ “data-more =” Read more “>resonance but the concept is again impossible to grasp correctly without lifting the hood of the equations of quantum mechanics and getting your hands dirty. To put it simply, at certain energies, due to the undulatory nature of organic matter, nitrogenous matter, etc.
There are different families like:
organic matter, which constitutes living beings (animals or plants) or … “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal/e/7/0/e70ccaaf4a_91935_matiere. jpg “data-url =” https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/matiere-matiere-15841/ “data-more =” Read more “>matter, there appears a sudden increase in the reaction rates between certain particles, in the same way as when walking on them This is generally a temporal frequency f, related to the period T (expressed in s) of the phenomenon observed by the following formula: f = 1 / T.
It is also possible to … “data-url =” https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-frequence-3940/ “data-more =” Read more “>frequencies radio you can suddenly come across a region where there is a station. This resonance can be interpreted in particle physics, or in nuclear physics, as the transient creation of an excited state or of a real new particle which quickly decays after its formation. For the brave who would like to dig into these questions, they can start slowly with the course that the Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman devoted to the concept of resonance in physics, then fly over certain passages of the treatise of another Nobel Prize winner, Emilio Segrè.
The quarks that make up the 59 newly discovered hadrons are not new physics, so it’s not as if we had discovered supersymmetric particles, for example. But the fact remains that some of the hadrons discovered, in particular those. The SLAC accelerator has a detector called BaBar intended to study mesons of this kind. Indeed, they are an excellent … “data-image =” https://cdn.futura-sciences.com/buildsv6/images/midioriginal/1/2/4/124abb0472_50034796_particle.jpg “data-url =” https : //www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/physique-meson-b0-4758/ “data-more =” Read more “>mésons B, do not behave as expected and the anomalies discoveries are real and are effectively the tip of a new physics that the HL-LHC will reveal over the next decade.
What is certain is that all these discoveries were only made possible by rising to higher and higher energies and that for that, it was necessary to pass particle accelerators accelerating beams to send them on from fixed targets to colliders between two particle beams, which makes it possible to take full advantage of the available energy.
The idea of this type of collider is old since it dates back to the Norwegian engineer Rolf Widerøe in 1943. But it was not until January 27, 1971 that CERN carried out the very first proton collisions in the world, thanks to the technology of intersecting storage rings (ISR).
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