Despite recent advances in understanding El Niño, responses to important characteristics of the El Niño, such as the air temperature and atmospheric circulation.
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Various projections of global climate models to show that the warming resulting from the increased greenhouse effect leads to an intensification with ENSO-driven variability in tropical temperature mainly in the upper part of the troposphere and at the height of the boreal winter, in addition to tropical humidity, subtropical jets and precipitation tropical, in the Pacific.
Variations: causes and consequences
These variations are mainly due to the ratio of Clausius-Clapeyron, a way of characterizing a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a single constituent, whereby the saturation vapor pressure increases almost exponentially with increasing temperature.
Therefore, the response of steam to temperature variability is greater in a warmer climate. As a result, under global warming, even if the El Niño sea surface temperature remains unchanged, the lower troposphere tropical humidity response is amplified, which in turn results in a major reorganization of atmospheric temperature, circulation, and precipitation.
El Niño emerges from complex interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. On a time scale of 2 to 7 years, the eastern equatorial Pacific varies between abnormally cold (La Niña) and warm (El Niño) conditions.
These fluctuations in sea surface temperature (SST) alter atmospheric convection in the tropical Pacific, causing tropical and extratropical climate anomalies, altering the Walker circulation, and stimulating atmospheric teleconnection, such as the Pacific-North America pattern.
El Niño remains difficult to predict and although its consequences are intensifying, there is still no consensus on the results of the projections
Furthermore, temperature anomalies in the troposphere in the tropical region are induced by this phenomenon and have spread to all lengths, increasing climate variability throughout the world. And, due to climate effects around the world, how El Niño and its impacts may change, in response to the increased greenhouse effect, has been extensively researched over the past 20 years.
However, there is still no consensus on the research results, and understanding and determining how ENSO responds to the increased greenhouse effect remains a major challenge. However, Variations in the distribution of rainfall and droughts have been detected, mainly in the Pacific region.
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