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Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Remains Stable in Milk, Study Finds
Table of Contents
A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine reveals the concerning stability of the avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in both milk from infected cows and milk spiked with the virus. The findings, released December 4, 2025, have significant implications for public health and food safety protocols. This research underscores the need for continued vigilance and robust testing procedures.
Researchers investigated the persistence of the virus under various conditions, including refrigeration and pasteurization. The study focused on determining how long the virus remains infectious in milk and the effectiveness of standard dairy processing methods in neutralizing the threat. the virus remained detectable in raw milk for up too seven days at 4°C
, according to the report.
Study Methodology & Key Findings
The research team analyzed samples of raw milk collected from cows confirmed to be infected with H5N1. They also spiked pasteurized milk with the virus to simulate potential contamination scenarios.the virus’s RNA was consistently detected throughout the testing period. Pasteurization, however, proved effective in inactivating the virus, though the time required for complete inactivation varied.
| condition | Virus Detection (Days) | Pasteurization Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|
| Raw milk (4°C) | 7 | N/A |
| Raw Milk (25°C) | 2 | N/A |
| Pasteurized Milk (Spiked) | Variable | Effective, time-dependent |
| Ultra-Pasteurized Milk (Spiked) | Variable | More rapid inactivation |
Did You Know? …
The H5N1 virus has historically been primarily a concern for poultry, but recent outbreaks have shown its ability to infect mammals, including cows, raising concerns about potential transmission to humans.
Implications for Public Health
The study’s findings highlight the importance of consuming pasteurized dairy products. While the risk of transmission to humans remains low,the virus’s persistence in raw milk poses a potential threat.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to monitor the situation closely and provide guidance to the public and dairy farmers. Continued surveillance is crucial
, stated a CDC representative in a recent press briefing.
Pasteurization & Milk Processing
The research confirms that standard pasteurization processes effectively inactivate the H5N1 virus in milk. However, the study also suggests that ultra-pasteurization may offer a more rapid and complete inactivation.Dairy processors are encouraged to review and potentially enhance their protocols to ensure maximum safety.
Pro Tip: …
Always check the pasteurization status of dairy products before consumption, especially if you are immunocompromised or have underlying health conditions.
Timeline of recent H5N1 Developments
Key Decisions & Recommendations
- May 2024: First confirmed cases of H5N1 in dairy cows in the United States.
- June 2024: CDC issues guidance for testing and monitoring of dairy herds.
- November 2025: Publication of the New England Journal of Medicine study on viral stability in milk.
- December 2025: USDA reviews dairy processing protocols.
“Thes findings underscore the importance of rigorous testing and adherence to established food safety practices,” stated Dr. Emily Carter, led author of the study.
the ongoing situation with H5N1 requires continued research and collaboration between public health officials,the dairy industry,and the scientific community. understanding the virus’s behavior in various environments is critical for mitigating potential risks and protecting public health.
